KEI Blogs and Reseach notes on COVID-19/Coronavirus

COVID-19 Gov’t Contracts: KEI has obtained numerous contracts between the federal government and pharmaceutical companies regarding COVID-19 medical technologies via the Freedom of Information act. For these and other contracts, please see: https://www.keionline.org/covid-contracts.

COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing: KEI has gathered data on vaccine manufacturing capacity and other potential facilities. Please see: https://www.keionline.org/covid-19-vaccine-manufacturing-capacity

The following are links to KEI’s other work on the coronavirus pandemic.

• March 5, 2020. Unreasonable pricing and the “Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020”
• March 14, 2020. Three areas in Section 202 of the Bayh-Dole Act that require action to ensure sufficient rights in patents on coronavirus relevant inventions.
• March 16, 2020. Patent Troll Files Lawsuit to Block Possible Coronavirus Diagnostic.
• March 17, 2020. Chilean Chamber of Deputies approves resolution for compulsory licenses for patents relating to the coronavirus virus.
• March 20, 2020. Legislative Committee in Ecuador approves resolution on compulsory licensing of patents relating to the coronavirus.
• March 20, 2020. Kathryn Ardizzone, Role of the U.S. Federal Government in the Development of GS-5734/Remdesivir, KEI Briefing Note 2020:1.
• March 23, 2020. Israel issues compulsory license to allow government to import generic versions of Kaletra.
• March 23, 2020. KEI Letter to Speaker Pelosi Regarding Use of “Other Transaction Authority” (OTA) in Coronavirus Bill to Escape Bayh-Dole Public Interest Safeguards.
• March 23, 2020. FDA gives Gilead a seven year regulatory monopoly for remdesivir to treat COVID-19, on grounds it is an “Orphan” treating a rare disease.
• March 23, 2020. President and Minister of Health of Costa Rica ask WHO to create global pool for rights in COVID-19 related technologies.
• March 24, 2020. House Coronavirus Bill Provision Could be Used for COVID-19/Coronavirus-Related R&D without Public-Interest Safeguards.
• March 25, 2020. FDA States Submission Date of Gilead’s Coronavirus Treatment Orphan Status Application is ‘Confidential’.
• March 27, 2020. Open letter to the World Health Organization (WHO) and its Member States on the proposal by Costa Rica to create a global pool for rights in the data, knowledge and technologies useful in the prevention, detection and treatment of the coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic
• March 31, 2020. KEI and Public Citizen letter to Congress regarding Costa Rica proposal for WHO COVID-19 pool of rights in technology and data.
• April 1, 2020. Canadian Policy option that can permit the government to exercise rights in patents arising under procurement contracts in Canada, if “prior obligations” exist, and how that relates to WHO COVID-19 pooling proposal.
• April 6, 2020. NIH Response to KEI Letter to Secretary Azar on Bayh-Dole Options for COVID-19-related Inventions.
• April 6, 2020. WHO Director-General Remarks in support of Proposal by Costa Rica for Global Rights Pool on COVID-19 Technologies.
• April 7, 2020. Open letter asking 37 WTO Members to declare themselves eligible to import medicines manufactured under compulsory license in another country, under 31bis of TRIPS Agreement.
• April 10, 2020. KEI letter to Brazil Congress, regarding compulsory licensing bill.
• April 15, 2020. European Union Draft Resolution on COVID-19 for WHA73.
• April 22, 2020. Luis Gil Abinader. Government funding related to the cobas Liat Analyzer PCR testing device. KEI Research Note 2020:1.
• April 26, 2020. Canada notifies WTO on Bill C-13 to Facilitate Compulsory Licensing in the COVID-19 Response.
• April 28, 2020. KEI comments on the resolution WHA73: “Covid-19 Response” proposed by the European Union.
• May 1, 2020. Kathryn Ardizzone. The Federal Government’s Authority to Restrict or Eliminate Contractors’ Rights to Federally-Funded Inventions in “Exceptional Circumstances”. KEI Briefing Note 2020:2.
• May 4, 2020. Unitaid calls on world leaders and the global community to support the Covid-19 Technology Pool.
• May 11, 2020. 14 May 2020 – The WHO Covid-19 Technology Pool: The solution to ensure global access to Covid-19 health technologies.
• May 13, 2020. Patents related to PX-UV, an R2-D2 look-alike robot that may disinfect public spaces from SARS-CoV-2.
• May 13, 2020. WHO member states poised to adopt weaker than needed COVID-19 resolution after tortuous negotiations.
• May 28, 2020. Luis Gil Abinader. Role of Private Sector, Governments and Charities in Funding Research and Development Related to Tocilizumab. KEI Research Note 2020:2.
• May 29, 2020. AstraZeneca, Pfizer, IFPMA on the WHO COVID-19 Pool at May 28, 2020 IFPMA Press Briefing.
• June 3, 2020. EU Trade Commissioner Phil Hogan issues statement on European Union compulsory licensing in context of COVID-19, makes important statement about TRIPS Article 31bis.
• June 18, 2020. All aboard Gavi’s COVAX express? First class tickets for fully self-financed countries: second class tickets for funded countries (supported by ODA).
• June 21, 2020. WTO TRIPS Council (informal): South Africa’s interventions on COVID-19, TRIPS flexibilities, and domestic manufacturing capacity.
• June 24, 2020. Senate Foreign Relations Committee questions State Department, USAID, and HHS on COVID-19 and U.S. International Pandemic Preparedness, Prevention, and Response.
• June 24, 2020 (Updated June 29, 2020). Kathryn Ardizzone and James Love. Other Transaction Agreements: Government Contracts that May Eliminate Protections for the Public on Pricing, Access and Competition, Including in Connection with COVID-19. KEI Briefing Note 2020:3.
• July 1, 2020. KEI receives seven new contracts for COVID 19 research from BARDA and DOD, including five using “Other Transactions Authority” that weaken or eliminate Bayh-Dole and FAR Safeguards.
• July 10, 2020. What is a Global Public Good? (and how it informs access to COVID-19 treatments and vaccines).
• July 13, 2020. The European Parliament calls on the European Commission and the Member States to formally support the COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP).
• July 16, 2020. WTO race for Director-General: Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala addresses questions on trade, IP, and future COVID-19 vaccines.
• August 1, 2020. WTO TRIPS Council (July 2020): South Africa leads discussions on COVID-19.
• August 4, 2020. KEI and Public Citizen request BARDA to address Moderna’s noncompliance with COVID-19 vaccine contract term. (Request filed July 31, 2020).
• August 5, 2020.  BARDA responds to KEI, Public Citizen Letter Asking BARDA to Enforce Moderna Contract.
• August 10, 2020. WTO TRIPS Council (July 2020): The European Union’s position on the interface of IP and health technologies in the COVID-19 response.
• August 10, 2020. Controlled Digital Lending in a Pandemic.
• September 4, 2020. Senator Durbin’s letters to vaccine manufacturers.
• September 17, 2020. Joint letter to WHO formally requesting the R&D Observatory to play a more relevant role in the COVID-19 response.
• September 21, 2020. WIPO Side event: Appraising Progress of WHO’s COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP).
• September 23, 2020. Upcoming Sept 30 – TACD Webinar: Controlled Digital Lending in a Pandemic.
• October 2, 2020. WTO TRIPS Council: India and South Africa submit draft decision text on a waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the prevention, containment and treatment of COVID-19.
• October 5, 2020. KEI written statement at the WHO Executive Board special session: Update on implementation of resolution WHA73.1 (2020) on the COVID-19 response.
• October 8, 2020. KEI on Moderna’s Oct 8, 2020 Statement on Intellectual Property Matters during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
• October 8, 2020. Taxpayers are subsidizing 80 percent of Regeneron’s COVID-19 treatment’s R&D costs.
• October 9, 2020. KEI panel on government funding of COVID drugs and vaccines at the Global Congress on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest.
• October 12, 2020. 20 October 2020 – Save the Date – Government Funding of COVID-19 Vaccines and Other Medical Technologies.
• October 14, 2020. KEI Obtains AstraZeneca COVID-19 and Moderna Vaccine Contracts via FOIA Request.
• October 15, 2020. KEI FOIA Lawsuit with the NIH to Obtain Documents related to COVID-19 Contracts and Collaborations.
• October 16, 2020. KEI Sues HHS and the Army over Access to COVID-19 Contracts.
• October 16, 2020. WTO TRIPS Council (October 2020): South Africa issues clarion call urging support for TRIPS waiver proposal.
• October 20, 2020. WTO TRIPS Council (October 2020): Hungary answers queries posed by South Africa regarding Hungarian compulsory licensing provisions.
• October 20, 2020. WTO TRIPS Council (October 2020): European Union dismisses concerns that IPRs are a barrier to COVID-19 medicines and technologies.
• October 20, 2020. Regeneron failed to disclose BARDA funding in their REGN-COV2 patent.
• October 28, 2020. U.S. Government funding of Lilly’s LY-CoV555 antibody against COVID-19.
• November 3, 2020. Three Moderna contracts disclosed in 2020 Q3 10-Q SEC filing.
• November 5, 2020. Regeneron $450 million contract with Advanced Technology International has Patent Rights Clause that Narrows Government Rights in Patented Inventions.
• November 5, 2020. Regeneron COVID-19 Contract Weakens the Government’s Rights in Data.
• November 9, 2020. $1 Billion Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Contract Weakens IP and Data Protections for Taxpayers.
• November 11, 2020. WHA73: Oral statement of Knowledge Ecology International – 11.9 – Global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property.
• November 13, 2020. Diversity of contract terms illustrates need for transparency of Covid-19 contracts.
• November 30, 2020. Foundational mRNA patents are subject to the Bayh-Dole Act provisions.
• December 2, 2020. $1.8 Billion Sanofi Vaccine Contract Contains International Reference Pricing Clause, Preserves Standard IP and Data Rights.
• December 11, 2020. South Africa on fire: closing innings at the WTO TRIPS Council (10 December 2020).
• January 12, 2021. WHO informal consultation (3 December 2020) addressed concerns on price transparency and shortages.
• January 18, 2021. WHO EB 148: Oral statement of Knowledge Ecology International on the COVID-19 response.
• January 20, 2021. EB 148: WHO’s COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP) comes under scrutiny.
• January 21, 2021. Letter from the People’s Vaccine Alliance and Health Action International to Dr. Tedros on C-TAP.
• January 21, 2021. The European Commission-Curevac Advance Purchase Contract for a COVID-19 Vaccine.
• January 26, 2021. President Ursula von der Leyen on COVID-19 (Davos Agenda Week): “And now, the companies must deliver. They must honour their obligations.”
• January 28, 2021. Novavax and Inovio COVID-19 Vaccine Contracts Limit Prices Companies Can Charge for Their Products.
• January 29, 2021. Draft of EU export restriction for COVID-19 vaccines.
• February 2, 2021. Exclusive License to NIH Invention Used in Lilly Antibody Treatment Contains Termination Clause and Government-Use Rights.
• February 3, 2021. KEI Roundtable on Pathways to Scale Up Manufacturing Capacity for COVID-19 Vaccines – 19 February 2021.
• February 19, 2021. Incoming WTO Director-General calls for ‘third way’ towards scaling up manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccines.
• February 22, 2021. Manufacturers of COVID-19 vaccines typically start delivering in under six months after tech transfer.
• March 1, 201. 23 February 2021: South Africa’s interventions at the WTO TRIPS Council.
• March 1, 2021. KEI Letter to New WTO Director-General on COVID-19 Response.
• March 3, 2021. Unredacted Pfizer contract with Dominican Republic, shows broad indemnity provisions for COVID-19 vaccine sales.
• March 8, 2021. Hungarian compulsory license for remdesivir raises a stir with BIO, PhRMA and the US Chamber of Commerce.
• March 8, 2021. KEI Response to Questions from USTR on Special 301 – March 5, 2021.
• March 11, 2021. 10 March 2021: South Africa raises the banner for the TRIPS waiver at the WTO.
• March 12, 2021. Canada based Biolyse Pharma Seeks to Manufacture COVID-19 Vaccines for Low-Income Countries, may test Canada’s compulsory licensing for export law.
• March 21, 2021. James Love in Medium. Buying Know-How to Scale Vaccine Manufacturing.
• March 30, 2021. License to NIH Spike Protein Technology Needed in COVID-19 Vaccines Demonstrates “Available to the Public on Reasonable Terms” Requirement.
• April 1, 2021. $1.3 Billion Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine Development Contract Contains Broad Redactions Relating to Public’s Rights in Inventions.
• April 8, 2021. Fissures on intellectual property, C-TAP and transparency emerge in WHO local production negotiations. 
• April 16, 2021. KEI Statement at WTO COVID-19 Vaccine Equity Event.
• April 23, 2021. 22 April 2021: South Africa raises the banner for text-based work on a WTO TRIPS waiver.
• April 30, 2021. 41 Canadian Experts Request Amendment to Schedule 1 of the Patent Act to include COVID-19 vaccines.
• May 1, 2021. KEI submission to Canada Standing Committee on International Trade and Investment Policy: Concerning COVID-19.
• May 5, 2021. KEI comment on the May 5, 2021 USTR statement to support negotiations on a waiver of TRIPS rules for COVID 19 vaccines.

Moderna: KEI has examined a number of issues related to Moderna’s vaccine technology, including several issues and contracts related to Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine efforts. For more on our work related to Moderna, please see: https://www.keionline.org/moderna

COVID-19 Gov’t Contracts: KEI has obtained numerous contracts between the federal government and pharmaceutical companies regarding COVID-19 medical technologies via the Freedom of Information act. For these and other contracts, please see: https://www.keionline.org/covid-contracts

Early in the pandemic, KEI also captured a daily snapshot of COVID-19 confirmed cases in countries reported by JHU, here.

KEI has filed multiple Freedom of Information Act requests on issues related to the coronavirus pandemic, including on government funding of candidates for potential treatment of COVID-19. A list of all related FOIA requests and their current statuses is available here.

Press Links

• 8 May 2021. The Economist. “America wants to waive patent protection for vaccines.” The Economist. https://www.economist.com/business/2021/05/08/america-wants-to-waive-patent-protection-for-vaccines
• 6 May 2021. Sydney Lupkin. “U.S. Backs Waiving International Patent Protections For COVID Vaccines.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/05/06/994145450/u-s-backs-waiving-international-patent-protections-for-covid-vaccines
• 6 May 2021. Joe C. Mathew. “US to support India-South Africa WTO proposal to waive off patent protection rules on Covid-19 vaccines.” Business Today. https://www.businesstoday.in/coronavirus/us-to-support-india-south-africa-wto-proposal-to-waive-off-patent-protection-rules-on-covid-19-vaccines/story/438368.html
• 6 May 2021. Der Bund. “US-Regierung stellt sich überraschend gegen Big Pharma.” Der Bund. https://www.derbund.ch/us-regierung-stellt-sich-ueberraschend-gegen-big-pharma-203055907831
• 6 May 2021. Damian Garde, Helen Branswell, and Matthew Herper. “Waiver of patent rights on Covid-19 vaccines, in near term, may be more symbolic than substantive.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/06/waiver-of-patent-rights-on-covid-19-vaccines-in-near-term-may-be-more-symbolic-than-substantive/
• 6 May 2021. Mark Heywood. “US support for TRIPS Waiver — activists force a great step forward but a steep climb still lies ahead.” Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-05-06-us-support-for-trips-waiver-activists-force-a-great-step-forward-but-a-steep-climb-still-lies-ahead/
• 6 May 2021. Democracy Now. ““Monumental Moment”: U.S. Backs Waiving COVID Vaccine Patent Rights After Months of Blocking Talks.” Democracy Now. https://www.democracynow.org/2021/5/6/biden_intellectual_property_rights_waiver_vaccines
• 5 May 2021. Steve Usdin. “As Biden backs WTO IP waiver for COVID vaccines, debate focuses on precedent, not access.” BioCentury. https://www.biocentury.com/article/636199/as-biden-backs-wto-ip-waiver-for-covid-vaccines-debate-focuses-on-precedent-not-access-to-covid-vaccines
• 5 May 2021. Jake Johnson. “Fauci Stirs Uproar With ‘Agnostic’ Position on Covid Vaccine Patent Waiver.” Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/05/05/fauci-stirs-uproar-agnostic-position-covid-vaccine-patent-waiver
• 4 May 2021. Jake Johnson. “70% of People in G7 Nations Want Governments to Force Big Pharma to Share Vaccine Recipes.” Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/05/04/70-people-g7-nations-want-governments-force-big-pharma-share-vaccine-recipes
• 3 May 2021. Hannah Kuchler. “Patent battle simmers over global access to Covid vaccine.” The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/health-pharma/patent-battle-simmers-over-global-access-to-covid-vaccine-1.4554134
• 1 May 2021. Siobhán McGee (ActionAid, Ireland) and Kieran Harkin (Access to Medicines Ireland). “Letters to the Editor: Pharma industry needs to share its vaccine knowledge.” The Southern Star. https://www.southernstar.ie/news/letters-to-the-editor-pharma-industry-needs-to-share-its-vaccine-knowledge-4222238
• 27 April 2021. Lawrence J. McQuillan, Jonathan Hofer, Douglas E. Koehler. “COVID in California: How Government Regulations Created Critical Healthcare Shortages — Permanent Patient-Centered Reforms Needed.” Independent Institute. https://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=13548
• 26 April 2021. Donald Shaw. “Biden Going Along With Trump’s Gutting of Key Drug Price Controls.” Sludge. https://readsludge.com/2021/04/26/biden-is-going-along-with-trumps-gutting-of-drug-price-controls/
• 26 April 2021. Jon Queally. “Billionaire Bill Gates Says “No” to Sharing Vaccine Recipes With Poor Countries.” TruthOut. https://truthout.org/articles/billionaire-bill-gates-says-no-to-sharing-vaccine-recipes-with-poor-countries/
• 23 April 2021. Lee Fang. “Pharmaceutical Industry Dispatches Army of Lobbyists to Block Generic COVID-19 Vaccines.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2021/04/23/covid-vaccine-ip-waiver-lobbying/
• 22 April 2021. Eric Martin and Susan Decker. “U.S. weighs global vaccine-expansion move opposed by drugmakers.” Bloomberg News. https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/u-s-weighs-global-vaccine-expansion-move-opposed-by-drugmakers-1.1593531
• 22 April 2021. Holger Alich. “Schweiz erschwert Aufbau lokaler Impfproduktion in ärmeren Ländern.” Der Bund. https://www.derbund.ch/schweiz-erschwert-aufbau-lokaler-impfproduktion-in-aermeren-laendern-294533599108
• 21 April 2021. Ashleigh Furlong and Sarah Anne Aarup. “Why waiving patents might not boost global access to coronavirus vaccines.” https://www.politico.eu/article/waiving-patents-coronavirus-vaccine/
• 12 April 2021. Alexander Zaitchik. “How Bill Gates Impeded Global Access to Covid Vaccines.” The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/162000/bill-gates-impeded-global-access-covid-vaccines
• 9 April 2021. Geoffrey York. “Canadian firm seeks mandatory licence to produce COVID-19 vaccines for poorer countries.” The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-canadian-firm-seeks-mandatory-licence-to-produce-covid-19-vaccines-for/
• 8 April 2021. Lee Fang. “Howard Dean Pushes Biden to Oppose Generic COVID-19 Vaccines for Developing Countries.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2021/04/08/howard-dean-biden-covid-vaccines/
• 8 April 2021. Jacquelyn LeBel. “Biolyse suggests Health Canada lacks urgency over its ask to produce COVID-19 vaccines for export.” Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7743371/biolyse-covid-19-vaccines-health-canada-johnson-and-johnson/
• 30 March 2021.  Jacquelyn LeBel. “Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine won’t be the ‘workhorse’ in Canada’s rollout.” Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7729272/johnson-and-johnson-vaccine-shipment-reaction/
• 29 March 2021. Ed Silverman. “Canadian company pursues compulsory license to distribute Covid-19 vaccine to low-income countries.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2021/03/29/covid19-coronavirus-vaccine-canada-biolyse-compulsory-license/
• 24 March 2021. Lee Fang. “Biden’s Inner Circle Maintains Close Ties to Vaccine Makers, Disclosures Reveal.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2021/03/24/covid-vaccine-stocks-biden-conflict/
• 23 March 2021. Emily Kopp. “Johnson & Johnson under pressure to deliver promised vaccine doses to states.” Roll Call. https://www.rollcall.com/2021/03/23/johnson-johnson-under-pressure-to-deliver-promised-vaccine-doses-to-states/
• 22 March 2021. Kieran Harkin. “To beat Covid there’s one thing we must spread: knowledge.” The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/to-beat-covid-theres-one-thing-we-must-spread-knowledge-kgdvzvbx2
• 21 March 2021. Selam Gebrekidan and Matt Apuzzo. “Rich Countries Signed Away a Chance to Vaccinate the World.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/21/world/vaccine-patents-us-eu.html
• 20 March 2021. Christopher Rowland, Emily Rauhala and Miriam Berger. “Drug companies defend vaccine monopolies in face of global outcry.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/03/20/covid-vaccine-global-shortages/
• 15 March 2021. Mari Serebrov. “Canadian company to J&J: License, or else. . . .” BioWorld.  https://www.bioworld.com/articles/504737-canadian-company-to-jj-license-or-else
• 12 March 2021. Andrew Karpan. “Pharma Co. Seeks J&J Virus Vaccine License — Or Else.” Law360. https://www.law360.com/ip/articles/1364005
• 12 March 2021. Money Control. “Canadian company requests for licence to manufacture J&J’s COVID-19 vaccine, may stir up patent war.” Money Control.  https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/canadian-company-requests-for-licence-to-manufacture-jjs-covid-19-vaccine-may-stir-up-patent-war-6639131.html
• 11 March 2021. CNW. “Contribution d’une société pharmaceutique canadienne pour faciliter l’accès au vaccin contre la COVID-19 dans le monde entier.” IndexSanté.  https://www.indexsante.ca/nouvelles/972/contribution-d-une-societe-pharmaceutique-canadienne-pour-faciliter-l-acces-au-vaccin-contre-la-covid-19-dans-le-monde-entier.php
• 11 March 2021. Biolyse Pharma. “Canadian-pharma solution to aid worldwide COVID vaccine access.” Cision Newswire. https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/canadian-pharma-solution-to-aid-worldwide-covid-vaccine-access-831681238.html
• 11 March 2021. Aine Kenny. “Pandemic to be prolonged if vaccine knowledge not shared, says report.” The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/pandemic-to-be-prolonged-if-vaccine-knowledge-not-shared-says-report-1.4508025
• 11 March 2021. Business Insurance. “Pfizer demands extensive indemnity from Dominican Republic.” Business Insurance. https://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20210311/STORY/912340376/Pfizer-demands-extensive-indemnity-from-Dominican-Republic
• 10 March 2021. Stavanger Aftenblad. “Europa stanser grep som kan skaffe mye mer covid-19-vaksine.” Stavanger Aftenblad. https://www.aftenbladet.no/utenriks/i/86RoBE/europa-stanser-grep-som-kan-skaffe-mye-mer-covid-19-vaksine
• 10 March 2021. Ingeborg Eliassen. “Europe blocks move that would massively expand Covid vaccine production capacity. Why?” https://www.investigate-europe.eu/en/2021/europe-blocks-trips-waiver-proposal-india-south-africa-wto-covid-vaccine/
• 8 March 2021. Victoria Knight. “Biden’s Criticism of Trump Team’s Vaccine Contracts Is a Stretch.” Kaiser Health News & PolitiFact. https://khn.org/news/article/fact-check-president-joe-biden-criticism-of-trump-administration-vaccine-contracts-and-supply-not-accurate/
• 5 March 2021. Andrew Green. “TRIPS waiver tripped up in WTO by ‘third way’.” Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/trips-waiver-tripped-up-in-wto-by-third-way-99329
• 28 February 2021. Matthew Rozsa. “How patent laws are hindering the fight against COVID-19.” Salon. https://www.salon.com/2021/02/28/how-patent-laws-are-hindering-the-fight-against-covid-19/
• 26 February 2021. Daniel Takash. “Refill America’s reservoir of goodwill with vaccine know-how.” The Hill. https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/healthcare/540758-refill-americas-reservoir-of-goodwill-with-vaccine-know-how
• 25 February 2021. Corrado Fontana. “Manderieux: «Vaccino anti-Covid, Europa disarmata di fronte a Big Pharma».” Valori. https://valori.it/guerra-vaccino-brevetti-dossier-covid/
• 24 February 2021. Monika Ermert. “Coronavirus: EU und USA bestehen auf Impf-Patente.” Heise. https://www.heise.de/news/Coronavirus-EU-und-USA-bestehen-auf-Impf-Patente-5064616.html
• 23 February 2021. Rachana Pradhan and Arthur Allen. “After Billions of Dollars and Dozens of Wartime Declarations, Why Are Vaccines Still in Short Supply?” Kaiser Health News. https://khn.org/news/article/after-billions-of-dollars-and-dozens-of-wartime-declarations-why-are-vaccines-still-in-short-supply/
• 20 February 2021. The Economist. “The WTO has a new chief. Is it time for new trade rules too?” The Economist. https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/02/20/the-wto-has-a-new-chief-is-it-time-for-new-trade-rules-too
• 18 February. 2021. Annalisa Merelli. “The best ways to help poor countries get better access to Covid-19 treatments.” Quartz. https://qz.com/1973972/the-best-ways-to-help-poor-countries-get-better-access-to-covid-19-treatments/
• 17 February 2021. Kat Eschner. “We’ve barely made a dent in vaccinating the world against COVID-19.” Popular Science. https://www.popsci.com/story/health/vaccine-world-developing-countries-pandemic/
• 14 February 2021. Felix Salmon. “Vaccine patents complicate efforts to scale manufacturing.” Axios. https://news.yahoo.com/vaccine-patents-complicate-efforts-scale-123017873.html
• 12 February 2021. Sharon Lerner. “SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHBISHOP DENOUNCES CORONAVIRUS VACCINE APARTHEID.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2021/02/12/covid-vaccine-south-africa-apartheid/
• 9 February 2021. Daniel Takash. “Open Vaccines Now.” Niskanen Center. https://www.niskanencenter.org/open-vaccines-now/
• 5 February 2021. Jillian Deutsch. “Production snags likely to leave EU lagging in vaccinations for months to come.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-coronavirus-vaccine-rollout-production-snags-age-limits/
• 28 January 2021. Sarah Jane Tribble. “Remdesivir, Given to Half of Hospitalized Covid Patients in U.S., Is Big Win for Gilead — Boosted by Taxpayers.” San Francisco Chronicle/Kaiser Health News. https://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/COVID-19-drug-remdesivir-has-been-a-big-win-for-15901000.php
• 26 January 2021. Christopher Patillo. “Patent protection instead of fighting the corona pandemic.” City Telegraph. https://citytelegraph.com/news/1231/patent-protection-instead-of-fighting-the-corona-pandemic/
• 25 January 2021. Alan Macleoud. “Poor Nations Left Reeling After Bill Gates Advised Oxford to Ditch Open Source COVID Vaccine.” Mint Press News. https://www.mintpressnews.com/bill-gates-oxford-ditched-plans-open-source-covid-19-vaccine/274698/
• 22 January 2021. Nasos Koukakis. “Countries worldwide look to acquire the intellectual property rights of Covid-19 vaccine makers.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/22/countries-look-to-acquire-the-ip-of-vaccine-makers-to-fight-pandemic.html
• 4 January 2021. L’Humanité. “Covid-19. La campagne commence, la pénurie de vaccins guette déjà.” https://www.humanite.fr/covid-19-la-campagne-commence-la-penurie-de-vaccins-guette-deja-698229
• 31 December 2020. Sharon Lerner. “WORLD FACES COVID-19 “VACCINE APARTHEID.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2020/12/31/covid-vaccine-countries-scarcity-access/
• 14 December 2020. Politico. “POLITICO Pro Morning Health Care: South Africa pushes IP waiver.” https://pro.politico.eu/news/politico-pro-morning-health-care-lockdown-in-germany-europe-waits-for-vaccine-approval-south-africa-pushes-ip-waiver?
• 11 December 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “The Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine Is Near Approval, but U.S. May Have to Wait to Buy More.” NPR. https://www.kqed.org/science/1971640/the-coronavirus-vaccine-is-near-approval-but-u-s-may-have-to-wait-to-buy-more
• 10 December 2020. Ashleigh Furlong. Politico. “Coronavirus IP fight pits the world’s haves against have-nots.” https://www.politico.eu/pro/coronavirus-intellectual-property-fight-wealthy-vs-poor-countries/?
• 8 December 2020. Fabrice Delaye. HEIDI.NEWS. “Enquête sur le secret autour des préachats gouvernementaux de vaccins Covid”. https://www.heidi.news/economie/enquete-sur-le-secret-autour-des-preachats-gouvernementaux-de-vaccins-covid
• 1 December 2020. Carlo Martuscelli. “Commission’s new strategy aims to rewrite pharma rules.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/european-commission-pharmaceutical-strategy-big-plans/
• 24 November 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “Pfizer’s Coronavirus Vaccine Supply Contract Excludes Many Taxpayer Protections.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/24/938591815/pfizers-coronavirus-vaccine-supply-contract-excludes-many-taxpayer-protections
• 23 November 2020. Donato Paolo Mancini. “Vaccine contracts shrouded in secrecy despite massive public funding.” The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/health-pharma/vaccine-contracts-shrouded-in-secrecy-despite-massive-public-funding-1.4416816
• 11 November 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “Novavax posts coronavirus vaccine contract that government didn’t disclose.” NPR. https://www.opb.org/article/2020/11/11/novavax-posts-coronavirus-vaccine-contract-that-government-didn-t-disclose/
• 8 November 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “HHS Released More Coronavirus Vaccine Contracts As Election Results Unfolded.” NPR. https://wamu.org/story/20/11/08/hhs-released-more-coronavirus-vaccine-contracts-as-election-results-unfolded/
• 6 November 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “Federal Supply Deal For COVID-19 Antibody Treatment Lacks Some Customary Protections.” https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/06/931795256/federal-supply-deal-for-covid-19-antibody-treatment-lacks-some-customary-protect
• 2 November 2020. Human Rights Watch. “Africa: ‘Whoever Finds the Vaccine Must Share It’.” All Africa. https://allafrica.com/stories/202011020651.html
• 1 November 2020. Amy Yurkanin. “Fast-tracked drug tied to Alabama is ready to battle COVID, but questions remain.” Alabama.com. https://www.al.com/coronavirus/2020/11/fast-tracked-drug-tied-to-alabama-is-ready-to-battle-covid-but-questions-remain.html
• 24 October 2020. Sydney Lupkin.  “A Federal Coronavirus Vaccine Contract Released At Last, But Redactions Obscure Terms”. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/10/24/927474041/a-federal-coronavirus-vaccine-contract-released-at-last-but-redactions-obscure-t 
• 23 October 2020. Sharon Lerner. “Trump Sets Up Pharma Billionaires for Coronavirus Pay Day.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2020/10/23/trump-covid-19-pharma-regeneron-coronavirus-treatment/
• 5 October 2020. Tim Schwab. “While the Poor Get Sick, Bill Gates Just Gets Richer.” The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/economy/bill-gates-investments-covid/
• 3 October 2020. Ed Silverman. “South Africa and India urge WTO to waive IP rights, widen access to Covid-19 drugs and vaccines.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/10/03/wto-covid19-coronavirus-patents-india-southafrica/
• 29 September 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “How Operation Warp Speed’s Big Vaccine Contracts Could Stay Secret.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/09/29/917899357/how-operation-warp-speeds-big-vaccine-contracts-could-stay-secret
• 29 September 2020. Tiffany Hu. “Patents Not ‘Barrier’ To COVID-19 Vaccine Access, Iancu Says.” Law360. https://www.law360.com/ip/articles/1310264/patents-not-barrier-to-covid-19-vaccine-access-iancu-says
• 25 September 2020. Angeli Mehta. “Covid-19 vaccine deals risk skewing supply.” Chemistry World (Royal Society of Chemistry). https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-deals-risk-skewing-supply/4012474.article
• 26 August 2020. Jay Hancock. “Rather than give away its COVID vaccine, Oxford makes a deal with drugmaker.” Kaiser Health News. https://www.eagletimes.com/features/rather-than-give-away-its-covid-vaccine-oxford-makes-a-deal-with-drugmaker/article_48d3df2b-5979-59e8-b94f-b4ac11c2a5bd.html
• 12 August 2020. Cynthia Koons. “The Vaccine Scramble Is Also a Scramble for Patents.” Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-covid-vaccine-patent-price/
• 6 August 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “Prices For COVID-19 Vaccines Are Starting To Come Into Focus.” NPR. https://www.kpbs.org/news/2020/aug/06/prices-for-covid-19-vaccines-are-starting-to-come/
• 6 August 2020. Ed Silverman. “Gilead is charging $2,340 for remdesivir. State officials are asking the federal government to make the coronavirus drug cheaper.” Business Insider/STAT. https://www.businessinsider.com/gilead-remdesivir-may-cost-2340-state-officials-want-lower-price-2020-8
• 29 July 2020. Ashleigh Furlong. “The ultimate geopolitical game — distributing a coronavirus vaccine.” Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/29/coronavirus-vaccines-distribution-386032
• 22 July 2020. Leila Minano. “Les Etats européens sont pour l’instant incapables de garantir un accès équitable à un futur vaccin contre le Covid.” Basta. https://www.bastamag.net/recherche-vaccin-Covid-19-laboratoires-pharmaceutiques-fonds-publics-OMS
• 21 July 2020. Emily Kopp. “Lawmakers ask about potential COVID-19 vaccine cost, efficacy,” Roll Call. https://www.rollcall.com/2020/07/21/lawmakers-ask-about-potential-covid-19-vaccine-cost-efficacy/
• 13 July 2020. Zachary Brennan. “Vaccine-makers’ ‘no profit’ pledge stirs doubts in Congress.” Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/13/vaccine-makers-profit-congress-360135
• 5 July 2020. Jake Johnson. “Contracts show Trump giving Big Pharma free rein to price gouge taxpayer-funded coronavirus drugs.” Salon. https://www.salon.com/2020/07/05/contracts-show-trump-giving-big-pharma-free-rein-to-price-gouge-taxpayer-funded-coronavirus-drugs_partner/
• 3 July 2020. Jake Johnson. “‘Greed Is a Danger to Public Health’: Progressive Caucus Urges Ban on Big Pharma Coronavirus Price-Gouging.” Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/07/03/greed-danger-public-health-progressive-caucus-urges-ban-big-pharma-coronavirus-price
• 2 July 2020. Sarah Owermohle. “Senators concerned about Covid-19 vaccine price controls.” Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/02/senators-express-concern-over-covid-19-vaccine-price-controls-348192
• 2 July 2020. Jake Johnson. “‘A Scandal’: Contracts Show Trump Giving Big Pharma Free Rein to Price Gouge Taxpayer-Funded Coronavirus Drugs.” Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/07/02/scandal-contracts-show-trump-giving-big-pharma-free-rein-price-gouge-taxpayer-funded
• 1 July 2020. Christopher Rowland. “Trump administration makes it easier for drugmakers to profit from publicly funded coronavirus drugs, advocates say.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/07/01/vaccine-coronavirus-barda-trump/
• 1 July 2020. Jonathon Gardner. “Federal coronavirus contracts dodge pricing oversight, advocacy group says.” BioPharma Dive. https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/coronavirus-contracts-dodge-pricing-oversight/580896/
• 1 July 2020. Bob Herman. “Federal government weakened its march-in rights for coronavirus drugs.” Axios. https://www.axios.com/federal-government-barda-contracts-moderna-regeneron-aaf9fde2-2ee1-46fb-8465-0d573e6af1ed.html
• 1 July 2020. Sharon Lerner. “The Trump Administration is waiving the public’s right to affordable coronavirus treatments.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2020/07/01/coronavirus-treatment-drug-contracts-trump/
• 1 July 2020. Ed Silverman and Nicholas Florko. “Some U.S. government contracts for Covid-19 research could skirt affordable pricing laws.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/07/01/covid19-coronavirus-vaccines-drug-prices/
• 30 May 2020. Samuel Lovett. “Coronavirus: Company behind leading vaccine candidate criticised for ‘appalling’ lack of transparency”. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus-vaccine-trial-results-us-symptoms-covid-19-moderna-a9524401.html
• 29 May 2020. Donato Paolo Mancini and Michael Peel. “Poorer countries join WHO call for virus patents to be shared.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b964cfb2-5f2e-4cb7-b9ad-535481495eaa
• 26 May 2020. Christopher Rowland. “Taxpayers paid to develop remdesivir but will have no say when Gilead sets the price.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/26/remdesivir-coronavirus-taxpayers/
• 20 May 2020. Alan Story. “Covid-19 vaccine patent pooling enters uncertain waters.” Green World. https://greenworld.org.uk/article/covid-19-vaccine-patent-pooling-enters-uncertain-waters
• 17 May 2020. Sarah Boseley. “US and UK ‘lead push against global patent pool for Covid-19 drugs’.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/17/us-and-uk-lead-push-against-global-patent-pool-for-covid-19-drugs
• 13 May 2020. Ed Silverman. “World Health Assembly draft resolution boosts access to Covid-19 medicines.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/05/13/covid19-coronavirus-resolution-access-medicines-who/
• 13 May 2020. Jacob Bell. “Gilead licenses COVID-19 drug to 5 generics companies.” BioPharma Dive. https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/gilead-license-remdesivir-generic-makers/577876/
• 8 May 2020. Justin Hughes and Arti Rai. “Acknowledging the public role in private drug development: lessons from remdesivir.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/08/acknowledging-public-role-drug-development-lessons-remdesivir/
• 8 May 2020. Ed Silverman. “The U.S. government contributed research to a Gilead remdesivir patent — but didn’t get credit.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/05/08/gilead-remdesivir-covid19-coronavirus-patents/
• 7 May 2020. Niklas Schenck. “Medizin ist ein öffentliches Gut, jeder muss sich das ­leisten können.” Suddeutsche Zeitung Magazin. https://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/jamie-love-manon-ress-interview-corona-covid-19-88769?reduced=true
• 6 May 2020. Matthew Bultman. “Pooling Patents to Speed Virus Treatments More Logical Than Easy.” Bloomberg Law. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/ip-law/pooling-patents-to-speed-virus-treatments-more-logical-than-easy
• 6 May 2020. Samuel Lovett. “‘The vaccine is only half the story’: If a cure is found, the world must be ready for the challenges that follow.” Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/coronavirus-vaccine-latest-cure-covid-19-oxford-university-trump-who-america-a9493966.html
• 22 April 2020. Valerie Bauman and Susan Decker. “Covid Seen as Tipping Point to Lower Drug Prices, Patent Sharing.” Bloomberg Law. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/pharma-and-life-sciences/covid-seen-as-tipping-point-to-lower-drug-prices-patent-sharing
• 22 April 2020. Robert Mackey and Sharon Lerner. “As Trump Urges Doctors to Lie on Live TV, Federal Official Says He Was Fired for Limiting Hydrochloroquine Use.” The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2020/04/22/trump-urges-doctors-lie-live-tv-federal-official-says-fired-limiting-use-hydroxychloroquine/
• 17 April 2020. Emily Kopp. NIH announces strategy for developing COVID-19 drugs, vaccines. Roll Call. https://www.rollcall.com/2020/04/17/nih-announces-strategy-for-developing-covid-19-drugs-vaccines/
• 16 April 2020. Ed Silverman. “European Union urges the World Health Assembly to pursue a voluntary pool for Covid-19 products.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/04/16/european-union-who-voluntary-pool-covid19-coronavirus/
• 8 April 2020. Editorial Team. “The Netherlands Joins COVID-19 IP Pool Initiative; Kentucky Governor Requests 3M Release N95 Patent.” Health Policy Watch. https://www.healthpolicy-watch.org/the-netherlands-joins-covid-19-ip-pool-initiative-kentucky-governor-requests-3m-release-n95-patent/
• 7 April 2020. Ed Silverman. “Wealthy nations urged to embrace WTO deal and import meds made under compulsory licenses.” STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/04/07/wto-compulsory-licensing-covid19-coronavirus-patents/
• 3 April 2020. Alicia Mundy. “How Big Pharma Is Getting Ready To Blackmail Americans”. DCReport. https://www.dcreport.org/2020/04/03/how-big-pharma-plans-to-blackmail-americans/
• 31 March 2020. Donato Paolo Mancini. “Big drugmakers under pressure to share patents against coronavirus“. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b69afd98-a8af-40d9-b520-4231d9cac68f
• 28 March 2020. Steven Ross Johnson. “Race for COVID-19 treatments reignites debate over role of public funding”. Modern Healthcare. https://www.modernhealthcare.com/supply-chain/race-covid-19-treatments-reignites-debate-over-role-public-funding
• 25 March 2020. Sydney Lupkin. “Gilead Declines ‘Rare Disease’ Status For Experimental Coronavirus Drug”. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/25/821534016/drugmaker-asks-fda-to-rescind-rare-disease-status-perks-for-covid-19-drug
• 25 March 2020. Donato Paolo Mancini, Hannah Kuchler, and Kiran Stacey. “Gilead asks to rescind special status for potential coronavirus drug”. Financial Times.  https://www.ft.com/content/107706c0-6ec0-11ea-89df-41bea055720b
• 25 March 2020. Carlos Salazar F. “Medio especializado en medicina resalta petición de Costa Rica a la OMS para liberar información especializada sobre Covid 19.” El Pais.CR https://www.elpais.cr/2020/03/25/medio-especializado-en-medicina-resalta-peticion-de-costa-rica-a-la-oms-para-liberar-informacion-especializada-sobre-covid-19/
• 24 March 2020. Donato Paolo Mancini. Gilead criticised over ‘orphan status’ for potential virus treatment – Activists slam US drugmaker for seeking exclusivity ‘despite calls for solidarity’ to tackle pandemic. https://www.ft.com/content/9fea4f1c-6dba-11ea-89df-41bea055720b
• 24 March 2020. Ed Silverman. “WHO is asked to create a voluntary intellectual property pool to develop Covid-19 products”. STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/03/24/covid19-coronavirus-costa-rica-intellectual-property/
• 24 March 2020. Elaine Ruth Fletcher and Svet Lustig. “Costa Rica Urges WHO To Lead Global Initiative For Pooled Rights To COVID-19 Diagnostics, Drugs & Vaccines.” Health Policy Watch. https://www.healthpolicy-watch.org/costa-rica-urges-who-to-lead-global-initiative-for-pooled-rights-to-covid-19-diagnostics-drugs-vaccines/
• 23 March 2020. Lee Fang, Sharon Lerner. “Coronavirus Treatment Developed by Gilead Sciences Granted ‘Rare Disease’ Status, Potentially Limiting Affordability”. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2020/03/23/gilead-sciences-coronavirus-treatment-orphan-drug-status/
• 23 March 2020. Ed Silverman. “Ecuador becomes the latest country to eye compulsory licensing for Covid-19 products”. STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/03/23/ecuador-compulsory-licensing-covid19-coronavirus/
• 18 March 2020. Ed Silverman. “Chilean lawmakers support compulsory licensing for coronavirus medicines and vaccines”. STAT. https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/03/18/chile-compulsory-licensing-coronavirus-covid19-vaccines/
• 5 March 2020. Sarah Karlin-Smith. “How the drug industry got its way on the coronavirus“. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/coronavirus-drug-industry-prices-122412